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Life insurance is an agreement between you (the policy owner) and an insurer. Under the terms of a life insurance policy, the insurer promises to pay a certain sum to a person you choose (your beneficiary) upon your death, in exchange for your premium payments. Proper life insurance coverage should provide you with peace of mind, since you know that those you care about will be financially protected after you die.

The many uses of life insurance

One of the most common reasons for buying life insurance is to replace the loss of income that would occur in the event of your death. When you die and your paychecks stop, your family may be left with limited resources. Proceeds from a life insurance policy make cash available to support your family almost immediately upon your death. Life insurance is also commonly used to pay any debts that you may leave behind.

Life insurance can be used to pay off mortgages, car loans, and credit card debts, leaving other remaining assets intact for your family. Life insurance proceeds can also be used to pay for final expenses and estate taxes. Finally, life insurance can create an estate for your heirs.

How much life insurance do you need?

Your life insurance needs will depend on a number of factors, including whether you’re married, the size of your family, the nature of your financial obligations, your career stage, and your goals. For example, when you’re young, you may not have a great need for life insurance. However, as you take on more responsibilities and your family grows, your need for life insurance increases.

There are plenty of tools to help you determine how much coverage you should have.

Your best resource may be a financial professional. At the most basic level, the amount of life insurance coverage that you need corresponds directly to your answers to these questions:
What immediate financial expenses (e.g., debt repayment, funeral expenses) would your family face upon your death?
How much of your salary is devoted to current expenses and future needs?
How long would your dependents need support if you were to die tomorrow?
How much money would you want to leave for special situations upon your death, such as funding your children’s education, gifts to charities, or an inheritance for your children?

Since your needs will change over time, you’ll need to continually re-evaluate your need for coverage.

How much life insurance can you afford?

How do you balance the cost of insurance coverage with the amount of coverage that your family needs? Just as several variables determine the amount of coverage that you need, many factors determine the cost of coverage. The type of policy that you choose, the amount of coverage, your age, and your health all play a part. The amount of coverage you can afford is tied to your current and expected future financial situation, as well. A financial professional or insurance agent can be invaluable in helping you select the right insurance plan.

What’s in a life insurance contract?

A life insurance contract is made up of legal provisions, your application (which identifies who you are and your medical declarations), and a policy specifications page that describes the policy you have selected, including any options and riders that you have purchased in return for an additional premium.

Provisions describe the conditions, rights, and obligations of the parties to the contract (e.g., the grace period for payment of premiums, suicide and incontestability clauses).

The policy specifications page describes the amount to be paid upon your death and the amount of premiums required to keep the policy in effect. Also stated are any riders and options added to the standard policy. Some riders include the waiver of premium rider, which allows you to skip premium payments during periods of disability; the guaranteed insurability rider, which permits you to raise the amount of your insurance without a further medical exam; and accidental death benefits.

The insurer may add an endorsement to the policy at the time of issue to amend a provision of the standard contract.

Types of life insurance policies

The two basic types of life insurance are term life and permanent (cash value) life. Term policies provide life insurance protection for a specific period of time. If you die during the coverage period, your beneficiary receives the policy death benefit. If you live to the end of the term, the policy simply terminates, unless it automatically renews for a new period. Term policies are available for periods of 1 to 30 years or more and may, in some cases, be renewed until you reach age 95. Premium payments may be increasing, as with annually renewable 1-year (period) term, or level (equal) for up to 30-year term periods.

Permanent insurance policies provide protection for your entire life, provided you pay the premium to keep the policy in force. Premium payments are greater than necessary to provide the life insurance benefit in the early years of the policy, so that a reserve can be accumulated to make up the shortfall in premiums necessary to provide the insurance in the later years. Should the policyowner discontinue the policy, this reserve, known as the cash value, is returned to the policyowner. Permanent life insurance can be further broken down into the following basic categories:

Whole life: You generally make level (equal) premium payments for life. The death benefit and cash value are predetermined and guaranteed. The policyowner’s only action after purchase of the policy is to pay the fixed premium.
Universal life: You may pay premiums at any time, in any amount (subject to certain limits), as long as policy expenses and the cost of insurance coverage are met. The amount of insurance coverage can be decreased, and the cash value will grow at a declared interest rate, which may vary over time.
Variable life: As with whole life, you pay a level premium for life. However, the death benefit and cash value fluctuate depending on the performance of investments in what are known as subaccounts. A subaccount is a pool of investor funds professionally managed to pursue a stated investment objective. The policyowner selects the subaccounts in which the cash value should be invested.
Universal variable life: A combination of universal and variable life. You may pay premiums at any time, in any amount (subject to limits), as long as policy expenses and the cost of insurance coverage are met. The amount of insurance coverage can be decreased, and the cash value goes up or down based on the performance of investments in the subaccounts.

Choosing and changing your beneficiaries

You must name a primary beneficiary to receive the proceeds of your insurance policy. Your beneficiary may be a person, corporation, or other legal entity. You may name multiple beneficiaries and specify what percentage of the net death benefit each is to receive. If you name your minor child as a beneficiary, be sure to designate an adult as the child’s guardian in your will.

Generally, you can change your beneficiary at any time. Changing your beneficiary usually requires nothing more than signing a new designation form and sending it to your insurance company. If you have named someone as an irrevocable (permanent) beneficiary, however, you will need that person’s permission to adjust any of the policy’s provisions.

Where can you buy life insurance?

You can often get insurance coverage from your employer (i.e., through a group life insurance plan offered by your employer) or through an association to which you belong (which may also offer group life insurance). You can also buy insurance through a licensed life insurance agent or broker, or directly from an insurance company.

Any policy that you buy is only as good as the company that issues it, so investigate the company offering you the insurance. Ratings services, such as A. M. Best, Moody’s, and Standard & Poor’s, evaluate an insurer’s financial strength. The company offering you coverage should provide you with this information.

It would be better if the world was an easier place, if everything was straightforward. But it’s not. Sadly, the world is a hard place and seller take your money without having to deliver the service whenever possible. The Romans had a saying, “caveat emptor”. It means, “let the buyer beware”. So the good advice from two thousand years ago is always read the small print before you sign the agreement. That way, you avoid the bad deals or, if there are likely to be problems, you can see where they are and work round them. If there’s anything you don’t understand, ask. You usually find companies are obliging before you sign. They want to appear willing so they can take your money.

Let’s start with the good news. The courts in most states operate the rule that any ambiguity in the policy is always resolved in your favor. Courts reckon insurers can afford the best attorneys to write the contracts. If they can’t get the wording clear enough, that’s their problem and they have to pay out on your claims. But if the wording of the agreement is clear, you’re caught by whatever it says. If you never bothered to read the policy or read it and failed to understand, that’s your problem.

As an example, here’s a recent case from sunny Florida. M lived on her own. She owned and insured a car, but allowed her granddaughter to drive it. Her granddaughter lived with her parents at a separate address. On the fateful day, the granddaughter was driving the car with the family as passengers. There was an accident. The driver and passengers were injured. So here comes the first question. Can you say who your “relatives” are? That’s easy, isn’t it. This is anyone related to you by blood or marriage, and it has nothing to do with where they live. So if the policy says the insurer will pay on a claim when the car is driven by the insured and his or her relatives, you know what that means. Does the policy also cover the car when it’s driven by anyone else with the insured’s consent? That can be important if, for some reason, you need a neighbor or friend to drive you around.

So what do you make of this phrase: there’s no coverage for any injuries to an insured or a family member living with the insured. Is the “insured” always M, the policyholder paying the premium installments, or does it include relatives or others driving with the owner’s consent? The Florida appeals court has just held the word “insured” always refers to the driver. This meant the granddaughter and her parents could not claim for their injuries because they lived together in the same house. You would have known that, right? This car insurance policy is unambiguous. You didn’t think M was the insured and so the driver and her passengers could claim?

Courts have a habit of thinking some words have obvious meanings. If you are covered when you drive, you are insured no matter whether you pay the premium. So to prevent being caught, read the policy before signing. Don’t just accept the car insurance quotes on the basis of cost. If you have any doubt, ask what the policy means.

There are many aspects of insuring your car that may seem a bit strange and even unfair. The price formation of policies is usually conditioned by factors that an ordinary consumer may consider irrelevant yet the insurer will see a precise way to asses the risk of insuring a particular person. And of all the factors that will affect your insurance premium one of the most strange is the gender. Yes, that’s right the price of insurance will vary depending on whether you are a male or a female. Sure, it may sound sexist and discriminatory but there are real facts supporting such an approach. And if you think that male drivers are charged less because they are better while behind the wheel you’re in for a big surprise!

Yes, it’s a fact that you can get a different premium just because of your gender. But before you start calling in the court for a discrimination case take a look at the facts that drive the insurance companies to act so strange. First of all you have to understand that insurance companies are crazy about assessing the risk they take upon themselves when insuring someone. They will use any awkward factor that will allow them to predict how it is likely for a person to file an insurance claim. And while the place of residence, education and marital status may seem logic from that perspective the gender of the driver isn’t something rational from the customer’s point of view. Yet, the statistics state otherwise and insurance companies are happy to use them in order to support their approach.

According to statistics female drivers file less claims then male drivers. And not because there are more men on the road in general. In relative terms the percentage of women filing claims is less compared to men. Moreover, female drivers tend to end in far less serious accidents, causing less damage and implying less costs to cover. Because of that the insurance companies usually charge female drivers with lower auto insurance rates than men. Of course, this doesn’t mean that all female drivers are good on the road and don’t cause any trouble. There are always good and bad drivers no matter the gender, age, social status and place of residence. However, the general trend is as described above and insurance companies take in consideration every aspect of the statistics that allows them to handle their risks.

If you are a male driver and find yourself offended by such a trend in auto insurance price formation there’s only one solution available – shopping around. There are many companies out there with different statistics concerning their customers, so there is a chance to find a company that has as many accidents with female drivers involved as men. Still, the best thing to really set your mind to is having a good auto insurance policy. Does it really matter who is paying more or less? The really important thing is that your policy would be adequate to your personal needs and priced as competitively as possible.

When people start talking about the fairness in how insurance rates are calculated, the one issue they always mention is the zip code. The argument always runs the same way. Insurance should be all about the driver and how safely he or she drives. Insurance should work on a carrot and stick basis, i.e. if you drive well and don’t make a claim, the rates should fall, but if you drive badly and there are multiple claims, the premium rates should rise fast. But if the rates are set by where you live, this has nothing to do with how well you drive. It’s punishing you for your address. Worse, it may also be racist because many of the zip codes with higher rates are occupied by African Americans or Latinos. Higher rates are a judgement on how these races live in a neighborhood. Let’s go back to the beginning. The insurance rates are actually an estimate of the risk you will make a claim.

Remember there are three basic types of policy. The liability cover is to protect you from claims made against you. In the cheaper policies, the extent of the liability is capped, i.e. the mandatory minimum cover is set by law in most states. In an at-fault state, this is more directly tied to your own driving skills so, for most practical purposes, where you live would be less relevant. But with collision and comprehensive cover, we are looking at the risk someone will crash into you or steal your vehicle. So, if you live in an area where people more often ignore traffic laws, steal vehicles or vandalize them, this does directly affect the risk you will make a claim. It’s the same as living in an area prone to flooding. You would not ask the insurer to ignore the reality that every time it rains heavily, your yard fills up with water. Well it’s the same when it comes to the risk of your vehicle being stolen. It’s not a coincidence that the state with the highest rates of vehicle theft should have voted through a limit on the zip code weighting system. In 1988, California passed Proposition 103 which outlawed the practice of raising the premium rate just on the basis of your address. Some estimate this change has saved Californian drivers billions of dollars. Yet, interestingly, the insurance industry continues to be profitable. Even though we’ve just been through one of the worst recessions of all time, it continues to make money. The protests of the insurance industry that they would all be driven into bankruptcy have been shown false. What’s interesting about the change is that, in 1996, Commissioner Chuck Quackenbush tried to compromise and limit the percentage of the weighting for a “bad” address. Commissioner Garamendi rejected this and insisted there be no weighting at all. So the higher losses from one area are subsidized by the money collected from those with “good” addresses, i.e. the only change is in who pays, not in the total amount collected. This is good for those in bad areas when the car insurance quotes come in. They have saved billions. But the car insurance rates for those in the good areas have risen to compensate.

Extra safety features are often very inexpensive upfront and mean long-term savings on insurance premiums.
Before getting these features, talk to your insurer to make sure you will get a discount.
We have provided a price efficiency rating to let you know the ratio of upfront cost to insurance savings. The higher the price efficiency rating, the sooner you will make up the cost with insurance savings.

Add On Headrest

Protects against whiplash, head, neck, and back injuries. This is essentially a foam pad that attaches to the front of your headrest. It will allow you to rest your head while driving, rather than having to keep in hovering 6-inches from the rest.

Right now, your options are either to hold your head hovering without rest or to sit completely erect at a 90-degree, L-shape.
The add on headrest is an elegant solution to that problem that will really save your neck in a crash. Independent studies have proved it!
Plus, driving is just more comfortable.

Price Efficiency Rating: 7 – Will become higher as more insurance companies do their own studies on its effectiveness in reducing injury.

Signal Mirrors

These side mirrors flash LED turn signals so that it is clearer to other drivers that you are turning. There will be fewer collisions this way. Plus, the LEDs are very energy efficient, long-lasting, and cute!

Price Efficiency Rating: 5 – Installation can be pretty costly.

Child Car-seats

Getting the right child safety devices in your vehicle can save you big insurance money. If you ask your agent to recommend a car-seat, they may actually be able to offer you a discount because they know your child will have a much smaller chance of injury and death.
If your child’s improved safety isn’t a big enough reward, the savings will be!

• Rear-facing seats are best, but never put them in front of an active frontal airbag
• Do not incline seats more than 45 degrees
• Connect all the straps and harnesses correctly
• Pay attention to the expiration date on the car-seat

Price Efficiency Rating: 5-9 – Getting the best seat money can buy is better protection for your child and saves you more in the long run.

Sensors and Cameras

While these futuristic features are commonly thought of as expensive add-ons for luxury vehicles, they are becoming quite inexpensive as people and insurers realize they have huge safety and savings bonuses. As more statistics become available, insurers are seeing the proof that these features really do prevent many crashes and collisions, which means bigger discounts and lower rates as you get into fewer incidents.

• Lane-departure warning
• Front-collision warning
• Blind-spot detection
• Electronic stability control

Price Efficiency Rating: 5 – Once costs come down, this efficiency rating may well soar to a 10! For now though, it may take a year to recoup costs. However, if it saves you from a collision, which it very well might, you’ve instantly got your money’s worth.

Car Insurance Quotes

If your current insurance provider doesn’t give you significant discounts for extra safety options, consider switching. Car insurance quotes will help you find a more affordable provider. You can even compare policy details and rates from the best insurance companies in minutes using online car insurance quotes.